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On the linear dependence of points

Oriol's solution provides a more visual proof of the assertion. Here's an alternative proof that extends, perhaps more easily, to points in 3-space. We first give the assertion for points in the plane, and later see how it extends to points in 3-space.

Assertion: Let \mathbf{a}_1 = (x_1,y_1), \mathbf{a}_2 = (x_2,y_2), and \mathbf{a}_3 = (x_3,y_3) be three points of the Euclidean plane. Let \mathbf{A}_1 = (x_1',y_1',w_1'), \mathbf{A}_2 = (x_2',y_2',w_2'), and \mathbf{A}_3 = (x_3',y_3',w_3') be three vectors, providing homogeneous coordinates for \mathbf{a}_1, \mathbf{a}_2, \mathbf{a}_3 (that is, \mathbf{a}_i=(x_i, y_i) = (x_i'/w_i',y_i'/w_i'). Then, \mathbf{a}_1, \mathbf{a}_2, \mathbf{a}_3 are aligned if, and only if, \mathbf{A}_1, \mathbf{A}_2, \mathbf{A}_3 are linearly dependent.

Proof: Note that \mathbf{a}_1, \mathbf{a}_2, \mathbf{a}_3 are aligned if and only if \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_1, and \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_2 are linearly dependent. These two vectors are linearly dependent if and only if


det
\begin{bmatrix}
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_1 \\
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_2 \\
\end{bmatrix} = 0

But:


0 = det
\begin{bmatrix}
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_1 \\
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_2
\end{bmatrix}
= det
\begin{bmatrix}
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_1 & 0  \\
 \mathbf{a}_3-\mathbf{a}_2 & 0  \\
 \mathbf{a}_3              & 1 
\end{bmatrix} 
= det 
\begin{bmatrix}
 \mathbf{a}_1 & 1 \\
 \mathbf{a}_2 & 1 \\
 \mathbf{a}_3 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix} 
= \frac{1}{w_1'w_2'w_3'}det 
\begin{bmatrix}
 w_1'\mathbf{a}_1 & w_1' \\
 w_2'\mathbf{a}_2 & w_2' \\
 w_3'\mathbf{a}_3 & w_3' \\
\end{bmatrix}
= \frac{1}{w_1'w_2'w_3'}det 
\begin{bmatrix}
 x_1' & y_1' & w_1' \\
 x_2' & y_2' & w_2' \\
 x_3' & y_3' & w_3' 
\end{bmatrix}

Thus, the last determinant also vanishes, which proves the assertion.

Note that the proof easily extends to points in 3-space. Just replace the determinants above, by all minors of the corresponding matrix.

On the power generated by a wrench against a twisting body

A twisting body with an applied wrench

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